Table of Contents

1) . INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Objective

1.2 Baseline Assumptions

1.3 Law or Regulation to Comply

1.4 Vision & Mission

1.5 Airport Location and Service Area

2). EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ISSUES

2.1 Introductio

2.1 Introductio

2.3 Location and Site Characteristics

3).  Aviation activity and forecast

3.1 Background

3.2 Drivers of Air Traffic

3.3 Passenger Activity Forecasts

3.4 Route forecast 11

4). DEMAND/CAPACITY AND FACILITy requirements

4.1 Purpose

4.2. Demand Analysis

4.3. Capacity Planning

4.4. Facility Requirements

4.5 Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

5). ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

6) Environmental assessment

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Environmental Management System

6.3 Environmental Action Plan

6.4 Conclusion

7). Implementation plan

7.1 Purpose

8). finanacial plan

8.1 Purpose

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

In line with Republic of Indonesia, national new capital city development strategy, Nusantara required long term planned airport to support its air transportation needs. The primitive landscape of Nusantara has proved a more attractive option than current capital, Jakarta.

This master plan is based on Nusantara’s estimated economic and population growth to provide systematic guidelines for the airport’s overall development, maintenance and operation. Verifying of airport’s capabilities of supporting air traffic demand and role of new capital city’s important infrastructure and to review necessary expansion plan of the airport according to future aviation demand is part of this master plan.

Nusantara (Ibu Kota Negara) IKN Airport will not only progressively develop to take up the role of national important transportation system but also link Indonesia to reign of Southeast Asia and world.

This master plan will serve as blueprint for the Nusantara IKN Airport’s future, ensuring all facilities, financial and operational standard are efficiently aligned to meet the forecasted demand while complying with regulatory requirements and environmental considerations.

The primary objective of the master plan is also to guide the airport’s development can balance the needs of passengers, airlines and other stakeholders, while also addressing safety, sustainability and economic growth. The plan will make necessary reference from current Jakarta Airport’s planning, design and operational experience. The plan considers existing other airport operations, future aviation trends, technology and needs of the aviation industry. It provides a roadmap for infrastructure improvements, including runway expansions, terminal building enhancements, cargo facilities, ground access, environmental management strategies and aviation industrial zone development.

Extensive consultation with stakeholders such as airport operators, government agencies, airlines, local communities and industrial experts during development of this master plan. The collaborative approach ensured the plan reflects the diverse needs of the airport users, stakeholder and residences. By doing this, identified all potential challenges and opportunities and relevant strategies and plan were developed and so that can keep Nusantara IKN Airport remains competitive, efficient and capable of adapting to future changes.

Overall, this master plan is crucial to ensure the airport is sustainable and accommodate future air traffic growth, enhance passenger experience, improve airport operational efficiency and contribute to local economy.

1.2 Baseline Assumptions

This master plan has following assumptions:

National plan of migration of capital city remains no change. This includes authority agency move this offices progressively to new capital city and organize national level event in new capital city as per planned schedule.
Estimated economy growth maintain as per national forecast
National financial plan and new capital city development program will be in place to ensure funding needs for new capital city development and airport construction.
There is no major political or military clash internally and no major disaster in Nusantara.

1.3 Law or Regulation to Comply

The Nusantara IKN airport, being part of the new capital development in Indonesia, would need to comply with various national and international regulations. These regulations encompass aspects of aviation safety, environmental protection, and infrastructure development. The main legal frameworks and regulations likely applicable as follow:

1). Indonesian Aviation Laws and Regulations

Law No. 1 of 2009 on Aviation: This law governs the overall regulation of aviation in Indonesia, covering safety, security, licensing, air navigation, and airport operations.

Ministry of Transportation (MoT) Regulations: The Ministry of Transportation in Indonesia issues various regulations regarding airport management, air traffic control, airport security, and operational standards.

Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR): These regulations, issued by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), set technical standards for airworthiness, airport safety, and operations.

2). Environmental Regulations

Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management: This law requires environmental impact assessments (AMDAL) for infrastructure projects like airports, ensuring sustainable development.

Presidential Regulation No. 60 of 2020 on the Management of New Capital City (Nusantara): This regulation outlines how the new capital will be managed, including environmental sustainability and infrastructure requirements.

3). Land Use and Zoning Regulations

Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning: This law ensures that the development of the airport complies with the spatial planning requirements of the new capital.

IKN Law (Law No. 3 of 2022): The IKN Law specifically regulates the development of Indonesia’s new capital, including infrastructure projects like the airport, ensuring alignment with the overall master plan.

4). International Aviation Standards

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards: The Nusantara IKN airport will need to adhere to ICAO guidelines, including those related to airport design, safety, and air navigation services.

Bilateral and Multilateral Air Service Agreements: Indonesia is part of various international agreements that regulate air transport, and the new airport will need to comply with these for international flight operations.

5). Public Procurement and Project Development

Law No. 2 of 2017 on Construction Services: This law regulates the procurement of services for public infrastructure projects, including airports.

Presidential Regulation No. 38 of 2015 on Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): If the airport is developed through a PPP scheme, this regulation will govern the collaboration between the government and private sector entities.

1.4 Vision & Mission

Vision

Creating a world-class aviation hub that supports sustainable growth, strengthens Indonesia’s connectivity, and embodies the innovative spirit of the new capital.

Mission

Support the development of the new capital, boosting reginal connectivity, promote economic growth and build a safe, secure, sustainable and vibrant air hubs.

1.5 Airport Location and Service Area

Figure 1: Distance from IKN airport to Nusantara city centre around 34.6km

1. EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ISSUES

2.1 Introduction

This section provides an overview of existing conditions and other key attributes and policies that will be considered in the development of the Nusantara IKN Airport Master Plan. The specific topics discussed in this section include:

Existing Balikpapan Airport
Location and Land Use
Meteorological Conditions
Environmental Overview
Site Utilities and Infrastructure
Economic and Social Factors
Sustainability Programs and Policies

Also included in this section is a description of the current issues associated with each of the topics listed above. These issues were collected through extensive stakeholder interviews.

2.2 Existing Balikpapan Airport

The full name of Balikpapan Airport is Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport (IATA: BPN). It is an international airport serving the city of Balikpapan and adjacent areas of East Kalimantan.

Figure 2-1: Location of Balikpapan Airport and Nusantara Airport

The airport is the sixth busiest airport in Indonesia. It is equipped with a water recycling plant, 11 trunk alleys, 74 check-in counters, 8 conveyor belts, 140,900 square meters apron, air condition control of energy efficiency and 2,300 parking lots in a multi-story building. Besides, the terminal can handle up to 10 million passengers per year.

Figure 2-2: Balikpapan Airport Layout

The Balikpapan Airport has only one asphalt runway 07/25 with a length and width of 2495 meters and 45 meters. Its routes are mainly concentrated in domestic cities in Indonesia and Singapore.

For Kalimantan, the airport service standard is within a 60 km radius, or a travel time of at least 4 hours by other modes of transportation. In addition, the potential passengers must be at least 200,000 per year. In fact, the distance between Nusantara Airport and Balikpapan is about 31 kilometres and the travel time by private car is about 1 hour. When two airports are very close to each other, it is easy to cause market division, which is not conducive to the development of the two airports. Besides, airspace management and air traffic planning between the two airports should be considered as well.

2.3 Location and Land Use

The proposed Nusantara Airport is part of a comprehensive regional plan including the KIPP (Government Core Area) and KIKN (Core Urban Area). It is 23km from the 0 point of IKN and 120km from Balikpapan. The surrounding region is characterized by a mix of forested zones, urban development areas, and waterways. These geographical features will influence construction planning, environmental impact assessments, and infrastructure development needs.

The region has distinct areas planned for KIPP, KIKN and Water Areas. The airport’s development must be closely aligned with the broader urban planning vision for Nusantara to ensure the seamless movement of people and goods. In addition, ensuring adequate buffer zones between the airport and planned residential areas to mitigate noise pollution when planning for future airport expansion.

2.4 Meteorological Conditions

Aviation activity and forecast

3.1 Background

3.1.1 introduction

This chapter presents comprehensive forecasts of aviation activity at Nusantara Airport. These forecasts were developed as part of the master plan presented in this article to determine future demand for Nusantara Airport.

The aviation activity forecasts include passenger rides and route distribution from 2025 as the base year to 2045. Below are further details of the forecasts for key future demand years: 2025, 2030, 2045.

The forecasts presented in this article are reasonable projections based on current information as the airport has not yet been built.

3.1.2 purpose

Nusantara Airport is located in Bali, a world-renowned tourist destination. The continued growth of the tourism industry has directly driven the rise in aviation demand. At the same time, the overall growth of the Indonesian economy, especially the expansion of the middle class, has increased the demand for domestic and international travel. Currently, more and more airlines have added flights to Bali, increasing flight frequency and destinations. Therefore, the airport needs to continuously improve its facilities and expand to increase it carrying capacity and be able to handle more flights and passengers.

The Purposes of Forecasting Aviation Activity:

By forecasting aviation activity, airport managers can better arrange flight scheduling, ground services and security checks to improve operational efficiency.
Forecast data helps airports allocate resources, including personnel, facilities and equipment, to meet passenger needs.
Understanding future trends in aviation activity helps develop long-term investment plans to ensure that infrastructure can support future growth.
Forecasting fluctuations in aviation activity can help airports develop emergency response plans to deal with potential emergencies, such as natural disasters or epidemics.

3.1.3 site background

Nusantara Airport located in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, close to the new national capital, Nusantara. The airport is 23 km from the 0 point of Nusantara and 120 km from Balikpapan. This location was chosen to promote regional development, improve transportation convenience, and support the government’s various needs in the construction of the new capital.

Nusantara is Indonesia’s new capital and is expected to see a significant population growth over the coming decades.

The forecast of Nusantara’s population:

2025 Forecast: As the initial phases of the capital’s relocation efforts begin, the initial phases of development are designed to house around 500,000 residents, mostly government employees and their families.
2030 Forecast: As more government agencies, businesses, and residents relocate to the new capital, the population is expected to reach around 1.5 million to 2 million people.
2045 Forecast: The government expects Nusantara’s population to reach around 4 million to 6 million people by 2045. This is in line with Indonesia’s broader vision for sustainable growth, which is to create a smart and environmentally friendly city.

As the population of Nusantara increases, job opportunities increase, and industrial investment demand grows, the passenger flow of Nusantara Airport will also increase.

Exhibit 3.1-1: Nusantara Population Forecast

3.2 Drivers of Air Traffic

There is a close link between the level of aviation activity and local economic growth; growth in population, employment, income and tourism activity typically leads to increased demand for air travel for both business and leisure purposes.

3.2.1 Air Service Area

Indonesia is located at an important intersection in Southeast Asia, connecting the Asia-Pacific region and other international markets, making it suitable to become a regional aviation hub. Indonesia also has many world-renowned tourist destinations that can attract many international tourists to drive aviation demand. As the new capital of Indonesia, Nusantara is located at an important route intersection, connecting domestic and international flights, which helps to enhance the function of an aviation hub.

Exhibit 3.1-1: Nusantara location map

3.2.2 Economic Base for Air Travel

3.2.2.1 Indonesian Economy

Indonesia has abundant natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, minerals and agricultural products, and a large number out of exported resources has brought huge wealth to the local area. Indonesia is also one of the largest economies in Southeast Asia. In recent years, the economy has continued to grow. The expansion of the middle class and the improvement of consumption capacity have promoted the demand for air travel. In recent years, Indonesia has made a lot of investment in aviation infrastructure, improving the service capacity and efficiency of airports. At the same time, the government supports the development of the aviation industry, including open sky policies and investment incentives, to attract more airlines to enter the market.

3.2.2.2 Regional Economy

As the new capital of Indonesia, Nusantara has the support of the government and the policy inclination. It will have a large population and economic resources in the future. Nusantara is strategically located. The nearby island of Bali will attract many international tourists. The airport is the main channel for tourists to enter the island, so the airport has sufficient passenger sources.

As the global economy recovers, Indonesia will attract more international tourists and investment, further promoting the growth of aviation and tourism industries. As the focus on sustainable tourism increases, Nusantara Airport can take the lead in green technology and sustainable development to attract more environmentally conscious passengers.

3.3 Passenger Activity Forecasts

3.3.1 Passenger volume before 2024

Indonesian passenger air travel data has shown significant fluctuations in recent years, particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here are some key figures and trends:

Pre-pandemic growth: In 2019, Indonesia’s air passengers reached approximately 150 million, showing a steady growth trend.
Impact of the epidemic: In 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic caused a severe blow to the aviation industry, resulting in a significant drop in passenger volume. According to data, the number of domestic air passengers in 2020 is only about 30% of that in 2019.
Gradual recovery: As we enter 2021 and 2022, as epidemic restrictions are gradually relaxed and vaccinations become more widespread, air passenger traffic begins to gradually recover. In 2022, passenger numbers will rebound to approximately 70 million passengers.
Recovery trends in 2023: As of 2023, Indonesia’s aviation industry continues to recover, with passenger numbers expected to increase further, especially during the peak tourist season. Some forecasts suggest ridership could be close to pre-pandemic levels.
International and domestic flights: Domestic flights are recovering faster, while the recovery of international flights depends on the lifting of international travel restrictions and the recovery of the tourism market.

Exhibit 3.3: Indonesia’s annual passenger throughput at domestic origins and destinations in recent years and future forecasts

3.3.2 Future passenger volume forecast

Since 2024, the Indonesian government has been increasing investment in transportation infrastructure, including airport expansion and new airport construction, and promoting digital and intelligent services, such as online check-in and contactless services, which will enhance passenger experience and promote the popularity of air travel. This will enhance the capacity of aviation services and support higher passenger traffic. And with the expansion of the domestic middle class and the improvement of consumption capacity, the demand for air travel will further increase. According to relevant data, it is expected that by 2040, Indonesia’s air passenger volume will continue to grow, possibly reaching more than 200 million passengers per year.

As Nusantara develops into a major economic center, it is expected to attract a large amount of air traffic. The city’s strategic location in East Kalimantan is likely to make it a major destination for domestic and international flights. As part of the Asia-Pacific region, which is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% over the next 20 years according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Nusantara is expected to benefit from this strong growth.

Nusantara’s air traffic is forecasted over the next 20 years based on a variety of factors including forecast infrastructure development, economic growth and demographic trends:

Initial phase: In the first decade after its planned opening, Nusantara Airport is expected to become one of the region’s major hubs, likely handling a moderate amount of traffic. This is likely to include domestic flights and a limited number of international flights. Initial passenger numbers are likely to be between 1 million and 3 million per year.
Growth phase (2030s): As Nusantara develops and its infrastructure and economic base grow, air traffic is likely to increase significantly. By the 2030s, annual passenger numbers are likely to rise to between 5 million and 10 million, reflecting increased domestic and international connectivity and a growing population.
Maturity phase (2040s): By the 2040s, if development proceeds as planned and Nusantara becomes a major economic and administrative center, air traffic is likely to reach 15 million to 20 million per year or even more. This will depend on the city’s role as a business hub, connectivity to global markets and overall economic development.

Exhibit 3.3: Nusantara Airport annual passenger forecast for the next 20 years

3.4 Route forecast

As a new important aviation hub in Indonesia, we predict the future distribution of aircraft routes in Nusantara:

Domestic routes:

Major cities: Connecting major cities such as Jakarta, Bali, Surabaya, Bandung, Metu and Batam.
Tourism destinations: Frequent flights are provided to popular tourist areas such as Bali, Java and multiple cities in Sumatra.

International routes:

Southeast Asia: There are many direct flights to neighbor countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam.
Asia Pacific: Connecting to Australia, Japan, South Korea and China
Middle East: Some airlines provide flights to Dubai and other Middle Eastern cities.

Exhibit 3.4: Indonesia route map

1. DEMAND/CAPACITY AND FACILITy requirements

 

4.1 Purpose

This chapter introduce the demand, capacity and facility requirements of Nusantara Airport plan. With the sustained economic growth and expanding population of Indonesia, the demand for efficient, convenient, and modern aviation services is increasingly urgent. Therefore, the construction of Nusantara Airport represents a pivotal move not only to meet current and future aviation traffic demands but also to propel Indonesia’s national development strategies, foster regional economic integration, and enhance international competitiveness.

Specifically, this chapter’s research objectives encompass the following aspects:

4.1.1 Accurately Forecast Future Aviation Traffic Demands: Through meticulous data analysis and market research, accurately predict key indicators such as passenger throughput, cargo and mail throughput, and flight movements for Nusantara Airport over the coming decades, providing a scientific basis for airport planning and construction.

4.1.2 Scientifically Plan Airport Facility Capacities: Based on the demand forecasts, rationally plan the scale and layout of core facilities including runways, terminals, aprons, cargo areas, etc., to ensure that airport capacities can meet the growing aviation traffic demands while avoiding resource wastage from over-construction.

4.1.3 Optimize Airport Operational Efficiency and Service Quality: Introduce advanced information technology, automated equipment, and intelligent management systems to enhance airport operational efficiency and service quality, providing passengers with a more convenient and comfortable travel experience.

4.1.4 Promote Regional Economic Development and International Cooperation: The construction of Nusantara Airport will stimulate economic growth and industrial upgrading in surrounding areas, attracting more domestic and foreign investments and tourism resources. As an international aviation hub, the airport will strengthen Indonesia’s connections and cooperation with other countries and regions, advancing regional economic integration and globalization processes.

4.2. Demand Analysis

The demand analysis for Nusantara Airport is a crucial aspect of the planning and development process, as it provides a foundation for understanding the current and projected needs of the aviation sector in Indonesia and the surrounding region. This analysis involves a comprehensive examination of various factors, including passenger and cargo traffic trends, economic growth, population dynamics, and regional connectivity.

4.2.1. Passenger Traffic Forecasts

It is expected that after the completion of the first phase of the project, the annual passenger capacity of the airport will reach about 15.9 million passengers. This figure is based on a combination of factors such as the airport’s facility size, runway capacity, number of gates and expected passenger growth. According to recent data, Indonesia has experienced significant growth in air travel demand in recent years. For instance, the number of international and domestic passengers handled by Indonesian airports has been steadily increasing, driven by economic expansion, tourism, and business activities.

This growth rate takes into account factors such as population growth, economic development, and increasing disposable income levels.

Tourism: Indonesia is a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors annually. The growth of the tourism sector is expected to be a significant driver of passenger traffic at Nusantara Airport.

Business Travel: With the expansion of the Indonesian economy and its integration into global supply chains, business travel is also projected to increase, contributing to the demand for air travel services.

Regional Connectivity: Nusantara Airport’s strategic location and its potential to serve as a hub for regional air travel will further boost passenger traffic.

4.2.2 Cargo Traffic Demand

The new capital city’s strategic location and proximity to major trade routes make Nusantara Airport an ideal hub for cargo transportation. Cargo traffic is expected to grow in tandem with the passenger traffic, supporting Indonesia’s expanding trade and commerce sectors. The growth in international trade, e-commerce, and the logistics sector has fueled this trend.

In recent years, with the rapid growth of Indonesia’s economy and the continuous development of international trade, Indonesia’s air cargo market has also shown a steady growth trend. The Indonesian government has been working to enhance air cargo capacity, strengthen cooperation with international airlines, and promote the modernization and expansion of airport facilities. These measures have laid a solid foundation for the future development of Indonesia’s air cargo market.

However, it is important to note that as Nusantara Airport is not yet fully operational, it is not possible to provide specific data on the rate of cargo volume increase at this time.

4.3. Capacity Planning

This chapter will introduce the runway configuration, terminal capacity, parking and ground transportation. The runway under construction measures 3,500 meters in length and 45 meters in width, allowing for the landing of large-bodied aircraft such as the Boeing 777-3000ER and Airbus A380.[1] The airport apron is capable of accommodating three large-bodied aircraft and helipads for three helicopters; various other supporting facilities will provide comprehensive services for all types of flights.[2] The cost of the project is estimated at about Rp 4.3 trillion (US$261 million).[3]

The terminal area of the airport is about 7,350 square meters with an airport area covering 347 hectares of land. This area will be used to support initial aviation operational requirements. The terminal will be designed to provide a seamless passenger experience, with efficient check-in, security, and baggage handling facilities.

Sufficient parking facilities will be provided for both passengers and airport staff, ensuring smooth ground transportation operations. Public transportation links, including buses and taxis, will be established to connect the airport with the new capital city and surrounding areas.

4.4. Facility Requirements

This chapter have five parts, it’s include passenger facilities, cargo handling facilities, air traffic control and navigation, security and safety, sustainability and environmental consideration.

Passenger Facilities

The airport will be equipped with modern passenger facilities, including lounges, retail outlets, restaurants, and duty-free shops. Special facilities will be provided for passengers with disabilities, ensuring accessibility and inclusivity.

Cargo Handling Facilities

Warehousing and sorting: Cargo areas should be equipped with adequate storage space and efficient sorting systems to ensure timely and accurate handling of goods.

Loading and unloading equipment: Provide advanced loading and unloading equipment, such as cargo cranes, forklifts, etc., to improve loading and unloading efficiency and ensure cargo safety.

Security system: Establish a sound freight security system, including monitoring, alarm and fire facilities to ensure the safety of goods during transportation.

Air Traffic Control and Navigation

A state-of-the-art air traffic control system will be installed to ensure safe and efficient flight operations. Navigation aids, including radar and communication systems, will be provided to support air traffic control operations.

Security and Safety

Comprehensive security measures will be implemented to protect the airport and its passengers from potential threats. Safety measures, including fire-fighting and emergency response systems, will be established to ensure the safety of all airport users.

4.4.5 Navigation and Monitoring systems: Provide advanced navigation and monitoring systems to ensure the safety of aircraft during takeoff, landing and taxiing.

4.4.6 Emergency facilities: including fire stations, first aid centers, emergency evacuation channels, etc., to respond to emergencies.

4.5 Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

The airport will be designed and constructed with sustainability in mind, incorporating eco-friendly practices and technologies. Environmental impact assessments will be conducted to ensure that the airport’s operations do not adversely affect the surrounding ecosystem.

Energy saving and emission reduction: The use of advanced energy-saving technologies and equipment, such as LED lighting, solar power generation, etc., to reduce energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions.

Rainwater collection and utilization: The construction of rainwater collection system, rainwater for afforestation irrigation and other purposes, improve the utilization rate of water resources.

Greening and landscape: Plant a lot of vegetation in the airport area to improve the green coverage rate and create an eco-friendly airport environment.

1. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

2. Environmental assessment

6.1 Introduction

Purpose

The environmental assessment (EA) of the proposed Nusantara Airport, part of Indonesia’s broader plan to build a new capital in East Kalimantan, is a critical component of its development process. The report reflects the commitment to environmental and sustainable development in the design and construction of the new airport. It sets the strategic guideline for environmental management at the airport over a long-term period.

The purpose of the EA is to:

Establish a framework to ensure that all the design and implementation of construction at the airport are undertaken in accordance with relevant environmental legislation and standards
Minimize the changes to the local environment and use the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly measures during the implementation
To realize enhancements in environmental sustainability and become a more sustainable business through environmental initiatives.
Site background

Location

Nusantara Airport, which is planned to serve Indonesia’s new capital, Nusantara, will be in North Penajam Paser, East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The airport is 23 km from the 0 point of Nusantara and 120 km from Balikpapan. The terminal area of the airport is about 7,350 square meters with an airport area covering 347 hectares of land.

Environmental context

The environmental context of Nusantara Airport is characterized by its location within one of the most ecologically sensitive areas of Indonesia. Given its tropical rainforest ecosystems, sensitive water systems, and indigenous communities, the construction of the new airport faces many environmental problems to be overcome. The development of an airport in proximity to such areas, which is home to a variety of plant and animal species, could pose risks of habitat fragmentation, deforestation, and disruption of wildlife corridors.

The water system in this area is also complex, which is crisscrossed by several rivers, including the Mahakam River. The shallow water table also tends to be a huge problem. Airport construction could affect the groundwater through contamination, excessive extraction, or altering the landscape.

When it comes to the weather, the region experiences a humid, tropical climate with significant rainfall, especially during the monsoon season. With the increased risk of climate change impacts, such as more frequent and intense rainfall or rising sea levels, the airport will need to incorporate climate adaptation strategies to mitigate potential risks like flooding and infrastructure damage.

6.2 Environmental Management System

6.2.1 Framework

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6.2.2 Components

Environment Policy
Planning – including environmental aspect and risk identification and assessment, objectives, targets, and action plans
Implementation and operation – including environmental training and awareness, communication, operational control, and emergency preparedness and response
Checking – including monitoring and auditing
Management review

Environmental risk management

The airport project group identifies and evaluates the key environmental risks associated with airport construction, airport activities, products, and services. These includes:

Biodiversity and Ecosystem protection
Water Resources and Wetlands
Pollution Management and Energy Use
Waste Management
Impact on Indigenous and Local Communities
Climate Change Resilience

Nusantara Airport will apply a risk management process to environmental aspects and impacts that:

Identify all risks
Evaluate identified risks and assess the likelihood of occurrence and the impacts
Formulate risk mitigation strategies
Assign each risk to related owner
Monitor and report key risks

6.3 Environmental Action Plan

6.3.1 Objectives

Indonesia’s Nusantara project is heavily tied to environmental sustainability, aiming to be a “smart and green” city. As such, Nusantara Airport must align with these objectives:

To comply with Indonesian environmental laws, such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as well as international standards set by organizations like the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
To establish and maintain appropriate mechanisms for effective internal and external communication of environmental matters
To minimize direct and indirect impacts associated with climate change
To reduce the emission of harmful substances and encourage a cleaner and more fuel-efficient next generation aircraft
To reduce the damage to water resources caused by airport construction
To reduce the impact of airport construction on the lives of surrounding residents
To develop and operate the airport in a sustainable manner

Biodiversity and Ecosystem protection

Risks

There are some of the world’s most unique ecosystems in East Kalimantan, such as orangutans, clouded leopards, and various endemic plants. The presence of endemic species and rich vegetation calls for careful environmental assessment before construction. The development may require clearing forested areas, which could result in deforestation, habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbance to rainforests and has negative impact on carbon sequestration, soil stability, and water cycles.

Mitigation Actions

Avoid high-biodiversity areas when choosing the location of the airport.
Establish wildlife corridors to protect animals’ habitat. Set buffer zones for some critical reservations.
In terms of some endangered species, launch relocation programs.
Conduct reforestation areas in other areas to offset the impacts.

Water Resources and Wetlands

Risks

Local rivers, such as the Mahakam River, are critical for water supplies, fisheries, and ecosystems. The airport may affect natural water flows, and cause pollution in groundwater, and then continue to alter the landscape, which may lead to flooding and waterlogging.

Mitigation Actions

Do hydrological assessments to minimize the effects on natural drainage systems.
Conduct wetland restoration projects.
Do stormwater management, e.g., water retention systems

Pollution Management and Energy Use

Risks

High-density construction and later airport activity can lead to pollutants emission, such as greenhouse gases (GHGs), and noise pollution. Deforestation will also aggravate this phenomenon.

Mitigation Actions

Adopt low-emission machinery during construction period, e.g., electric vehicles.
Adopt renewable energy sources in daily operation, e.g., solar panels and wind turbines.
Utilize vegetation to create natural barriers to generate noise-buffer zones.
Encourage quiet flight procedures and noise abatement technologies, e.g., Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) and Noise Abatement Departure Procedures (NADP)
Take action to offset the pollution, such as carbon offset program.

Waste Management

Risks

Construction activities will produce a lot of construction waste. The daily operational activities will produce domestic waste as well.

Mitigation Actions

Utilize sustainable materials in construction period.
Develop efficient waste collection and recycling system in response to long-term operational waste.

Impact on Indigenous and Local Communities

Risks

The construction of Nusantara Airport may occupy the residence of various indigenous groups, including the Dayak people, who have deep cultural and spiritually rely on the land and forests. This may result in social conflicts and protests.

Mitigation Actions

Consult with indigenous communities early to gain their support.
Establish rational compensation and resettlement plans.
Provide employment opportunities and skills training for inhabitants.
Build a complete infrastructure in surrounding areas.

Climate Change Resilience

Risks

The humid, tropical climate with significant rainfall will influence the design and construction of the airport to ensure resilience against extreme weather events, such as flooding.

Mitigation Actions

Establish specific infrastructure like runways and terminals to prevent flooding.
Utilize climate adaptation strategies to mitigate potential risks.
Continuous monitoring and reporting to ensure compliance align with the standards and regulations.

6.4 Conclusion

The development of Nusantara Airport faced with critical challenges from an environmental perspective. Since it will foster economic growth and support Indonesia’s new capital, it requires careful and comprehensive planning to minimize effects on local high-biodiversity, ecosystems, and indigenous communities. By implementing restrict environmental safeguards and sustainability actions, the project can help reduce its ecological footprint and contribute to Indonesia’s vision of creating a green and resilient new capital.

7. Implementation plan

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Construction Implementation Schedule

7.2.1 Phase 1 Expansion Program

7.2.2 Phase 2 Expansion Program

7.2.3 Phase 3 Expansion Program

7.3 Construction Schedule

8. finanacial plan

8.1 Purpose

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