Do not include the question(s) on your essays and exams.
Question 1:
Compare and contrast seasons and tides in temperate and tropical areas with respect to the positions of Earth and Luna, Earth’s tilt
relative to its orbital plane, and insolation. Include in your answer:
a. a description for the reasons for seasons
b. how tides are produced and the reasons that tides are more extreme in temperate latitudes compared to tropical latitudes
c. how tides affect the vertical distribution (zonation) of marine animals
d. descriptions of specific adaptations of animals for survival in splash, high tide, middle tide and low tide zones.
Question 2: Trophic Levels (25 points)
Describe trophic levels, the nature of trophic levels in different ecosystems, and the effect of predator removal on the structure of food
webs.. Include in your answer:
a. a description of nutrient flow through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
b. the differences between endothermic and ectothermic ecosystems with respect to nutrient flow and predator-to-prey ratios
c. the effect of reducing intermediate and top predators on ecosystems’ biodiversity
Question 3: Nature and Origin of Migration (25 points)
Describe the nature of migration in birds. Include in your answer:
a.
a definition of migration
b. descriptions of the hypotheses for the origin of migratory patterns and the evidence in support of its northern origin
c. the evidence for an endogenous, underlying genetic component for migratory behavior
Question 4: Biological Clocks and Navigation (25 points)
Describe the physiological basis of circadian rhythms and the mechanisms by which birds navigate during migration. Include in your
answer:
a.
a description of circadian rhythms and zugunruhe
b. a description of the molecular and physiological mechanisms for entraining circadian rhythms and the timing of seasonal
movements in birds
c. a description of the current hypothesis for bird navigation using Earth’s magnetic field
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Question 1:
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