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BIO 2601A Organismal Physiology
Question:
Acclimatory Osmotic Responses of the American Lobster, Homarus americanus, and Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, to Variation in Salinity
In this lab we will study osmotic responses of two marine invertebrates to variation in salinity. This is a discovery-based lab where you will be expected to evaluate multiple hypotheses and use your basic knowledge from lecture and readings to interpret complex patterns.
Marine animals osmo- and ionoregulate in different ways. Normal seawater contains about 30 – 37 grams of salt per kg. This is usually expressed in parts per thousand (e.g. 35ppt or 35‰). The osmolality (millimole of solutes per kg solvent) of seawater ranges from about 800 – 1000 mmol/kg (sometimes expressed as milliosmolal [mOsm]). Many marine invertebrates have internal osmotic and ionic compositions similar to the external seawater, a condition which minimizes water and ion fluxes in and out of the animal. Large differentials in osmolality and ion concentrations caused by internal conditions much different from the external water can create major challenges to water, ion, and volume regulation. For example, marine bony fishes are very hyposmotic and hypoionic to seawater and must expend energy to excrete excess ions (mostly NaCl) and retain water. Conversely, freshwater bony fishes are hyperosmotic and hyperionic to their medium, and must expend energy to retain ions and eliminate excess water.
In coastal habitats and estuaries, salinity can be significantly reduced at multiple temporal and spatial scales by freshwater inputs from rivers, snow melt or rain events. Some species that live in these habitats, like the blue crab (Calinectes sapidus) are excellent osmo and ionoregulators over a wide range of salinities. Others, such as many bivalve mulluscs (e.g. mussels, oysters and clams), are osmo and ionoconformers, allowing their internal conditions to closely follow the variations in salinity. See your textbook and lectures for more information about these responses.
The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is a decapod crustacean found along the east coast of North America from about 25° to 50° N from the intertidal zone to depths of 600 meters. It begins life in July or August as a planktonic free-swimming larva that feeds on zooplankton (e.g. copepods) and phytoplankton (algae). It grows and moults its exoskeleton periodically, and at larval stage IV it begins to resemble a tiny adult lobster both morphologically and physiologically, and settles to the ocean floor to live a benthic life. It can then be found in a wide variety of habitats from mud to rocky reefs intertidal areas, or shallow eel grass beds where it lives in burrows or rock crevices. In summer adult lobsters may migrate up to 50 km inshore to shallow coastal areas and estuaries where they can be found in salinities as low as about 25‰. The lethal salinity limit for adult lobsters is about 8 – 14‰ and males appear to be more tolerant of low salinity than females. Males are also found in greater numbers than females in shallow inshore areas although it is not known if this relates to salinity tolerance.
BIO 2601A Organismal Physiology
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