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Question 1

The energy storage systems have been in use for a long time. During earlier periods, energy storage systems were mainly used to meet the energy demand during peak load and to meet the operational needs of the power systems. The energy storage systems gained more importance due to the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar PV systems and wind turbine generators with the utility grid.

You are required to write a short paper on “Energy Storage Systems”. You are encouraged to use the following sectional headings in your report:

1. Introduction
Provide a brief description of the development of various types of energy storage systems.
2. Renewable energy sources and the need for energy storage systems Provide a brief description of the need for energy storage system created as a result of integration of renewable energy sources with power grids.
3. Utility grade energy storage systems. Describe the types of large scale energy storage systems suitable for power grid applications. Describe, with suitable block diagrams , the different ways of integrating the utility grade energy storage systems with the grid and how they are operated.
4. Future of energy storage systems Write about your assessment of the future of energy storage systems and
their environmental impact.

5. Conclusions and recommendations. Draw conclusions from these studies and state your recommendations for any improvements. You can obtain and review information from authoritative and reliable web sites such as IEEE, IET, IRENA, International Energy Agency, and electricity authorities of various countries.

Question 2

A four-bus power system is shown in Figure 2. Bus-1 is slack bus. Bus -4 is a PV bus, and the other two buses are PQ buses. The initial voltages of the slack and PV buses are as shown in the figure. The data for the buses are given in the table-1 below. The values of the real and reactive power shown in the table are on a base of 100 MVA.

The line impedances given in the table-2 are on a common base. Assume the initial value of the angle at the PV bus to be zero (0) and the voltages at buses 2 and 3 to be 1.0∟0°.

Table-1 Base MVA=100

Choose the line impedances for your calculations based on the last digit of your student number as indicated in table-2 below.

Table-2

(a) Create the circuit, in “PowerWorld” software. Assume a base power of 100 MVA. All the field values sch as voltage and phase angle at every bus and real and
reactive power at both end of every line must be included in the circuit. The created circuit diagram (before simulation) must be included in your report.

(b) Simulate the circuit using Gauss-Seidel iterative method for a single iteration. Record the values of the voltage magnitudes in pu and phase angle in degrees at
buses 2,3 and 4. The simulated diagram with all the field values clearly shown must be included in your report.

(c) Determine the bus admittance matrix for the circuit using the impedance values given in the table. Printout the bus impedance matrix generated by the PowerWorld program and compare it with the bus impedance matrix
determined by you.

(d) Calculate the voltage in pu and the phase angle in degrees at the buses 2 and 3 after the first iteration using Gauss-Seidel method and compare it with the results recorded in part (b).

Question 3

Figure 3 shows the circuit of a simple power system. The ratings of the generators, transformers and the motors are as shown in the figure. The reactance of lines 1 and 2
are 40  and 50  respectively. Assume that system is unloaded, and the generators are generating their rated voltage. Select the generator G1 ratings as base values.

Choose the fault location for your calculations based on the last digit of your student number as indicated in the following table:

For a symmetrical three phase fault on the bus selected by you:
(i) Draw the reactance diagram for the fault with all the reactances marked in per unit.
(ii) Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit which can be used to calculate the fault current.
(iii) Calculate the fault current in ampere and fault power in MVA.
(iv) Calculate the fault current contribution from the generator connected to the bus on which you have selected for fault calculation.

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